Pension Reforms Highlights Rhode Island And Michigan

Pension Reforms Highlights: Rhode Island Michigan In order to make a more comprehensive analysis of the two cases presented in this report the information is going to dissected into three categories: Policy, Politics and Public Opinion in order to convey a more detailed view of the reform process. Rhode Island Background As early as 1993, the net present value of the State Employees’ pension fund represented only about 72 percent of the expected liabilities. The Teachers’ fund was in worse shape. Some modest attempts were made by the General Assembly to improve the situation in the mid-2000s, such as raising state employees’ minimum retirement age. While these changes slowed the decline of Rhode Island’s pension fund stability, they did†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 2. Implemented a Hybrid Defined Benefit (DB) and Defined Contribution (DC) Plan: The hybrid DB/DC plan aims to reduce DB liabilities with a DC fund while also maintaining support from union groups who desire the security of a DB system. †¢ 3. An increase in retirement age for current employees so that it matched Social Security’s age thresholds. †¢ 4. Extended Amortization Rate of Liabilities. †¢ 5. A plan to help local governments bring their unfunded pension liabilities under control. †¢ Reforms by itself is not enough, it is crucial to assure that the legislature always make their legally required contributions to the pension fund. Public Opinion †¢ Roughly 62 percent of state employees are union members, meaning that law makers in the GA are generally wary of pushing too hard on publicly unpopular policy reform that affected unionized labor. †¢ Pension-reform allies decided that before they could effectively move pension reform through the General Assembly, they needed to ensure that everyone was clear on the risks to the system and on what reform was trying to accomplish. †¢ They determined that forming coalitions of the interested parties in advance of the legislation would effectively lay the groundwork for reform specifics †¢ Reformers choose to campaign for the reform ideas they settled on to gain buy-in from stakeholders prior to any legislative debate. †¢ A blue ribbon panel â€Å"Pension Advisory Group† was a drivingShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesWorkplace 323 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement 323 Worksite Analysis 323 Hazard Prevention and Control 324 Retirement Benefits 297 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Flying High No More: Airline Pensions Crash and Burn 298 Defined Benefit Plans 299 Defined Contribution Plans 299 Money Purchase Pension Plans 299 Profit-Sharing Plans 299 Individual Retirement Accounts 299 401(k)s 300 Paid Time Off 300 Vacation and Holiday Leave 301 DID YOU KNOW?: Benefits Around the Globe 301 Disability InsuranceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Treasure Island Their differences, in fact, can be quite useful, since organizations typically need both functions performed well in order to be successful. For example, consider again the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., gave lifeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesNorfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision at Baxter Manufacturing Company Read MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesEconomic Papers, Review of Network Economics, Telecommunications Policy and Utilities Policy. He holds a PhD in Economics from the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, where he wrote a dissertation on privatized utilities, regulatory reform and corporate control. He is a former research fellow for the regulation initiative at the London Business School. Margaret Wang is a Lecturer in the School of Law, and an associate of the Centre for International Corporate Governance Research, FacultyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesintegrated into each chapter, including a self-assessment at the beginning of each chapter. S.A.L. helps students better understand their interpersonal and behavioral skills as they relate to the theoretical conc epts presented in each chapter. Highlights †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 69 research-based self-assessments—All 69 instruments of our collection are from sources such as Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Harvard Business Review, Organizational Behavior: Experiences and Cases,

The Abolition Movement Timeline 1820 - 1829

The 1830s may have marked the transformation of the abolition movement but the 1820s definitely laid the groundwork for the next decade. During this decade, schools were established to educate young African-American children. At the same time, the American Colonization Society helped African-Americans emigrate to present-day Liberia and Sierra Leone. In addition,  several antislavery societies were formed. These organizations began using slave narratives and newspapers to publicize the horrors of enslavement.   1820 The Missouri Compromise  allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a slave state. The Compromise also bans slavery in territory west of Missouri.African-Americans in New York organize and emigrate from Africa to Sierra Leone. The emigration was organized by the American Colonization Society, an association established to send freed African-Americans back to Africa. 1821 The first American antislavery newspaper, The Genius of Universal Emancipation is published in Mt. Pleasant, Ohio  by Benjamin Lundy. Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison helps to edit and publish the newspaper. 1822 A freed African-American, Denmark Vessey organizes a slave uprising in Charleston.Segregated public schools are established in Philadelphia for African-American children. 1823 The Anti Slavery Society is established in Great Britain. 1824 Liberia is founded by freed African-Americans. Founded by the American Colonization Society, the land was originally known as Monrovia.Elizabeth Hyrick publishes the pamphlet, Immediate not Gradual Emancipation 1825 The slave narrative,  A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley, Formerly a Slave, in the State of Delawar, North America: Written by Himself  is published in London.  The slave narrative,  Narrative of the Enslavement of Ottobah Cugoano, a Native of Africa: Published by HImself on the Year 1787  is included in  The Negros Memorial; or Abolitionists Catechism, by an Abolitionist  is published in London by Thomas Fisher.  Former slave, William B. Grimes publishes  Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave. 1826 Sojourner Truth, feminist and abolitionist, escapes slavery with her infant daughter, Sophia. 1827 Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm  publish the first African-American newspaper, Freedoms Journal. The publication is circulated in eleven states, Haiti, Europe, and Canada.Sarah Mapps Douglass establishes a school for African-American children in Philadelphia. 1829 Abolitionist David Walker  publishes his pamphlet, Walkers Appeal in Four Articles. David Walkers Appeal is considered the most radical antislavery publications when it was published because of its emphasis on promoting rebellion and opposition to colonization.The slave narrative,  Ã‚  Life and Adventures of Robert, the Hermit of Massachusetts, Who Has Lived 14 Years in a Cave, Secluded from Human Society. Comprising, an Account of His Birth, Parentage, Sufferings, and Providential Escape from Unjust and Cruel Bondage in Early Life and His Reasons for Becoming a Recluse: Taken from His Own Mouth, and Published for His Benefit,  is told to abolitionist Henry Trumbull by Robert Voorhis.

Bill C 51 The Anti Terrorism Act Essay - 1838 Words

Bill C-51 also known as the Anti-terrorism Act, 2015, is a bill that was first tabled in Parliament in January 2015. It was introduced to enhance Canada’s original anti-terror laws which were created shortly after the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001 in the United States of America. Moreover, the need to revise and amend these laws became even more evident after recent attacks both in Canada and abroad. In doing so the government recognized the need to adopt a more preventative approach to dealing with internal and external threats. However, there are a large number of individuals, groups and institutions which opposed this bill. This was evident in March of 2015 when political protests were held and over fifty-five rallies took place across Canada (Lepore, 1). The majority of those opposed to the new anti-terror legislation expressed concerns with three major components of the bill and the vagueness; to privacy concerns with the new information sharing between agencie s, new amendments to the Criminal Code surrounding terrorism offences and the increased powers provided to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS); specifically their perceived lack of oversight. Although this piece of legislation is crucial to the safety and security of Canada against acts of terrorism it requires some amendments in order to ensure proper oversight and respect for Canadian values. This paper will argue that changes need to be made to the CSIS act, specifically regardingShow MoreRelatedEssay On Bill C-51999 Words   |  4 PagesComing in at over 60 pages, the Anti Terrorist Act, is not only a long read, but its a long read filled with problems. This new law upset millions of Canadians because it allowed the government to impeach on Canadians privacy without their knowledge or without due cause because of a thought they may be a terrorist or promoting terrorism. This new law which contains ideas of creating a new â€Å"secret† police force, censorin g our freedom of speech and other changes that are downright unconstitutionalRead MoreTerrorism Is Motivated By Fear1599 Words   |  7 Pagesunpredictably and the trauma of its aftermath, terrorism is the ultimate threat to a nation’s sense of security. It has the capacity to alter a nation’s psyche, to cause leaders to create and enforce a nation’s strictest laws, and to spawn debates over the measures needed to ensure peace. Governments frequently devise legislation to prevent terrorism, yet the question always remains: should citizens’ rights and freedoms be compromised to fight terrorism, and, if so, to what extent? Both India and CanadaRead MoreBill C 51 And The Canadian Security Intelligence Services Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe following is an overview of Bill C-51 and includes issues and recommendations for improvement. Bill C-51 the so-called â€Å"terror bill,† is a controversial political Act that is being proposed under Harperà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Conservative government. This is an â€Å"Anti-terrorism Act† that is causing much argument among Canadians and is promoted as intending to increase security on terrorists who plan to attack Canadians on soil. According to Bill C-51 (2015), â€Å"The purpose of this Act is to encourage and facilitate theRead MoreThe Canadian Court System Sentencing Procedure920 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment unless someone is a threat but these rights have been violated multiple times. The first time it was an issue was in G20 summit, June 2010. Lately is have also been an issue in Canadian spy companies. Also government recently passed the bill c-150, which clearly violates our charter rights. To begin with, G20 summit took place in Downtown Toronto in June 2010. Police started to violate charter rights by taking peoples private information and unreasonable search and seizure. Police wasRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Immigrant And Refugee Women1050 Words   |  5 Pagesrefugee and non-status women experiencing violence? Legislation and Policies that impact immigrant, refugee and non-status women experiencing violence are: Bill C-51, the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2015: Increasing power for Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), with increased opportunities by suspicion of terrorism resulting in arrest. The Bill allows Canada to detain and deport permanent residents who are considered to be a security threat (without the need to disclose evidence). Conditional PermanentRead MoreThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17817 Words   |  72 PagesRights Act and anti-terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed? David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism ActRead MoreThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17827 Words   |  72 PagesRights Act and anti-terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed? David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000Read MoreAustralia Is The Only Western Democracy Without A Bill Of Rights2837 Words   |  12 Pages450239782 Question: Australia is now the only Western democracy without a bill of rights. Its law-makers have consistently declined to introduce a bill of rights, either legislative or constitutional. Recently, in 2009, the Australian Government commissioned the most extensive consultation on human rights issues in Australia’s history – and then flatly rejected the consultation committee’s recommendation that a Human Rights Act be introduced. To observers in Europe – where courtesy of the EuropeanRead MoreCanadian Civilian Gun Ownership Regulations1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gun. Canadian gun control laws remained largely unchanged for the better part of the 20th century; that is, until the introduction of Bill C-150 in 1969, which created the categories of firearms that persist to this day. In addition, Bill C-150 made it illegal for criminals and the mentally unstable to possess guns. In 1977, the House of Commons passed Bill C-51, establishing new kinds of gun ownershi p permits called firearms acquisition certificates, which increased barriers to access by requiringRead MoreDomestic Terrorism : The United States Situation And Other Countries2664 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Domestic terrorism is the commission of terrorist assaults in a state by people living in a country. In the United States, this form terrorism is an irregularity that seriously treated as a crime. This kind of terrorism entails viciousness against civilian populace or foundation of a country regularly however not by natives of that country and frequently with the aim to threaten, constrain, or influence national policy. In the course of recent years, domestic terrorism has been experienced

My Perfect Workplace Is High Stressed, Fast Paced,...

American author and poet Maya Angelou once said, â€Å"You can only become truly accomplished at something you love. Don’t make money your goal. Instead pursue the things you love doing and then do them so well that people can’t take their eyes off of you.†(SIC) I believe that Angelou hit the nail on the head with her comment. Describing my perfect workplace will come as a shock to most people, but I could not imagine doing anything else. I have worked in Emergency Services for over 12 years. I do not consider this a career, but a calling. My dream workplace is high stressed, fast paced, dangerous and suspenseful. I do not think anyone would consider this to be a dream workplace, but every aspect of this career keeps me in awe. Emergency Services is one of the most stressful careers out there. I have been woken up at all hours of the night. I have missed family functions, dinners and my children’s sporting events. I do all of this because someone else needs me more than my family at that time. At any given time throughout a day, my pager can go off. This means I have to drop what I am doing a respond to the Fire Hall. The calls can vary in nature and severity: Fires, medicals, rescue situations, and standbys for weather. The most stressful part of the job is not being there for my family. They give up just as much as I do to help our community. Working in Emergency services there is no time to sit and wait for someone to make the decisions. Being able to identify when there is

Analysis of Pres. Obamas Speeches - 2167 Words

But†¦Christmas Was Just 11 Days Away†¦ Eleven days before Christmas a child is usually happy, energetic, excited, and anxious to see what kinds of pleasant gifts are underneath the tree from â€Å"Santa.† No one in Newtown, Connecticut had a clue that 20 of Sandy Hook Elementary School’s students and six adults wouldn’t be seeing that precious day. Unfortunately on this peaceful Friday, December 14th , 2012, Adam Lanza took their lives. His motive is unknown. As police arrived to the scene, Lanza committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. This was the second-deadliest shooting in US history, after the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007. This shooting really hurt the nation and they wanted answers. President Barack Obama then delivered three†¦show more content†¦In his first speech, President Barack Obama’s purpose was to simply offer support, warmth, and to console the Americans in this time of tragedy. He wanted to tell his fellow Americans that he was there to support them. There are two sets of audiences that President Barack Obama was speaking to. Primarily, he was speaking to the press about the tragedy that had just occurred a few hours prior, but his main audience was the Americans shocked by what happened. Imagine sitting in your living room, hearing all these different reports about a massive shooting that killed 20 little children and not knowing what really happened. I was in a clothing store when I heard of the incident, so for the president, only a few hours later, to come on the television and explain what had happened was a slight relief. The technological context of this speech was that this was a press conference, held in the White House in Was hington, D.C on December 14, 2012. The extended scene was for the television and the internet world wide. The logos, ethos, and pathos of the first speech are apparent. President Barack Obama uses logos by explaining the shooting, using facts to better help the Americans understand what had just happened. He uses ethos by very much showing that he is the President of the United States. Just by his professional dress you would assume that he was someone worth listening to. He has the Presidential Seal visible, asShow MoreRelatedSemester Reflection994 Words   |  4 Pageswere writing on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† and â€Å"Downloading from torrent.† During these semester writings, it was quite interesting to learn the use of English writing skills under different circumstances. First, writing a paper on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† instilled me with knowledge on how to analyze a speech and present the ideas and themes of the speaker. This assignment was also critical in shaping my critical thinking skills since I was able to critically analyze Obama’s speech in relationRead MoreA Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address9492 Words   |  38 PagesRhythm and Rhetoric: A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Liilia Batluk Supervisor: Stuart Foster School of Humanities Halmstad University Bachelor’s thesis in English Acknowledgment My appreciations to my supervisor Stuart Foster for very helpful advice during the research. Abstract In this essay I shall analyze Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, January, 2009 from the perspective of various linguistic techniques. More specifically, I shall propose and focus on the idea that theRead MorePresidential Transitions During The Transition Period Of The Presidency2504 Words   |  11 Pagesclear where this methodic governing originated. Using historical analysis and case studies, this paper attempts to discover the origin of campaign-style governing during the transition period of the presidency. Using the word diagraming software â€Å"Wordle,† the research shows trends in certain word usage that provides an in-depth look at rhetorical tools used while in the campaign-style transition. Each president had different speeches analyzed and graphed in order to get a good idea of the time frameRead MoreMedia Propaganda9887 Words   |  40 Pageswere hired by then United States President, Woodrow, to participate in the  Creel Commission, the mission of which was to sway popular opinion in favor of entering the war, on the side of the United Kingdom. The Creel Commission provided themes for speeches by four-minute men at public functions, and also encouraged censorship of the American press. The Commission was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to organize and archive its papers. The war propagandaRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof systematic study. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. MyManagementLab Access a host of interactive learning aids to help strengthen your understanding of the chapter concepts at www.mymanagementlab.com cott Nicholson sits alone in his parents’ house in suburban BostonRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesNetworking Strategy 321 PART III Acquiring Information Systems 327 Chapter 8 Basic Systems Concepts and Tools The Systems View What Is a System? 329 329 330 Seven Key System Elements Organizations as Systems 330 334 Systems Analysis and Design 335 Business Processes 336 Identifying Business Processes 336 Business Process Redesign 336 Processes and Techniques to Develop Information Systems 339 The Information Systems Development Life Cycle 339 Structured

Schwartz Matter Of Baby Belle Pty Ltd FCA -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Schwartz Matter Of Baby Belle Pty Ltd FCA? Answer: Introducation The fact of the mentioned case is the plaintiff Mr. Schwartz is owned the company Babybelle Pty Ltd and he is the part of the board of directors and also holds the share in the company. He had also appointed another director for the company[1]. It was found that he has been sought for a leave for appointing that new director for the company. However, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) claimed that Mr. Schwartz has not maintained his duty as a director of Babybelle Pty Ltd and alleged him.[2] The major legal issues According to the case study, it has been found that Mr. Schwartz has been made several mistakes as the director of the company. The legal issues has been arises when he has appointed the new director for the company which is not appointed according to the terms of the company[3]. Therefore it has been found that he has been breach the duty of the directors according to the Corporation Act[4]. He appointed Mr. Goodman as the new director of the company who also hold the share of the company. A legal issue has been arises when the court has been found that the office address has been registered at OLoughlin Street, Ormond until 1 March 2007 but later it was discovered that the address has been moved or transferred at the home address of Mr. Schwartz[5]. He is one of the director and as a director of the duty and services toward the office administration and contract services like heated towel rails, spa pools and various sports equipments. However the Australian Securities and Investme nts Commissions define that he has committed the offence contravened of under sec- 206A of Corporation Act. Here the offence has been occurring under Sec- 206G of Corporation Act 2001(Cth)[6]. The relevant law relied on by the judge(s) in making their decision The Federal Court of Australia has mentioned that Mr. Schwartz has been breach the duty of the director by disqualified the acts of hypothesis for dishonesty offences towards the company[7]. According to sec- 206A (1) Corporation Act the court has been taken the supportive judgments from Adams v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2003)[8] where a person who also holds the position of the director has been disqualified for the breach of the duty toward the company[9]. In this case, the new director of the company has failed to control the business and dissatisfy the terms of the 206A (1) and 206G of Corporation Act. Mr. Schwartz was also appealed to the court but it not allowed him due the finding of the case[10]. In the hearing of the case The actual decision of the case According to the case study of it can be concluded that the application which has been Mr. Schwartz appealed for defense has rejected by the court due to the invalid application. However he was charged by the Federal Court and found guilty under the Sec- 206A (1) and Sec- 206G of Corporation Act Cth)[11]. The Honourable court has been fined him with the $13,578.94. He also charged with namely contravention of s 1350 of the Social Security Act 1991 (Cth), two contraventions of s 215 of the Social Security (Administration) Act 1999 (Cth) and two contraventions of s 135.2 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth)[12]. Reference Adams v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2003) 46 ACSR 68 Coffee Jr, John C., Hillary Sale, and M. Todd Henderson. "Securities regulation: Cases and materials." (2015). du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Jeanne Nel De Koker, eds. Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and Germany. Taylor Francis, 2017. Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility." Journal of Business Ethics 118.2 (2013): 287-301. Schwartz: In the matter of Babybelle Pty Ltd (ACN 116 052 683) [2007] FCA 1469 (September 2007) [1] du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Jeanne Nel De Koker, eds. Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and Germany. Taylor Francis, 2017. [2] Coffee Jr, John C., Hillary Sale, and M. Todd Henderson. "Securities regulation: Cases and materials." (2015). [3] du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Jeanne Nel De Koker, eds. Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and Germany. Taylor Francis, 2017. [4] Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility." Journal of Business Ethics 118.2 (2013): 287-301. [5] Coffee Jr, John C., Hillary Sale, and M. Todd Henderson. "Securities regulation: Cases and materials." (2015). [6] Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility." Journal of Business Ethics 118.2 (2013): 287-301. [7] Coffee Jr, John C., Hillary Sale, and M. Todd Henderson. "Securities regulation: Cases and materials." (2015). [8] Adams v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2003) 46 ACSR 68 [9] du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Jeanne Nel De Koker, eds. Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and Germany. Taylor Francis, 2017. [10] Coffee Jr, John C., Hillary Sale, and M. Todd Henderson. "Securities regulation: Cases and materials." (2015). [11] Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility." Journal of Business Ethics 118.2 (2013): 287-301. [12] du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Jeanne Nel De Koker, eds. Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and Germany. Taylor Francis, 2017.

Child abuse and maltreatment free essay sample

How The Mental Health Courts came into Place: Problem-solving courts began in the 1990s to accommodate offenders with specific needs and problems that were not or could not be adequately addressed in traditional courts. Problem-solving courts seek to promote outcomes that will benefit not only the offender, but the victim and society as well. The problem-solving courts were developed as an innovative response to deal with offenders problems, including drug abuse, mental illness, and domestic violence. Although most problem solving court models are relatively new, early results from studies show that these types of courts are having a positive impact on the lives of offenders and victims and in some instances are preventing the jails from being overcrowding while saving jail and prison costs. The Process: In some cases participation in a mental health court is voluntary. The defendant must consent to participation before being placed in the program and in other cases the defendant must meet certain criteria. They must go through in Screening and Assessment process. The use of screening and assessment tools is to identify appropriate individuals for the court in common. The selection of clients for mental health courts is characterized in three stages: initial screening; assessment screening, and evaluation screening. Initial screening originates with one of the two ? ltering agents: the district attorney or the mental health court coordinator/supervisor/director. The outcome of this process is the sample of clients enrolled in a mental health court. Stage 1, referred to as initial eligibility screening, captures the process by which defendants with mental illnesses are identi? ed as potential clients for the court. This centralizing stage was found to have one of the two ‘‘? ltering’’ agents. As I stated before they are the district attorney and the mental health court team coordinator/ director/supervisor. Referrals for initial screening come from a variety of sources including the mental health court introduce another potential source of selection variation. Formal criteria for eligibility vary among mental health courts by the types of charges and  criminal histories. Speaking in general, mental health courts only allow cases with non-violent and misdemeanor charges. Half of the mental health courts in considered cases with felony convictions. However, ? ltering agents were found to vary in their willingness to bend the interpretation of the charges to ? t the case for the mental health court: if, for example, the district attorney had a weak case against the defendant, then mental illness played a central role in the violent criminal behavior, or the victim was a family member. In addition, while many ? ltering agents required the victim’s assent before referring cases to the mental health court, there was considerable variation in the extent to which ? ltering agents worked with the victims to gain their buy-in. Some other informal and individual ? ltering screens used by these agents included the potential client’s prior experience with the mental health court, support from other referral sources, and the nature and history of the client’s problems in the community and service use history. Stage 2, Potential clients who meet the requirements of Stage 1 initial eligibility are then referred for a more in-depth review and screening to Stage 2 in the screening process, conducted by the mental health court team. Stage 2 assessment eligibility screening focuses principally on determination and assessment of behavioral health problems and related criminal history issues. Court Six is an exception. This court conducts assessment eligibility screening in Stage 1, focusing only on criminal history issues in Stage 2. All mental health courts have eligibility criteria related to mental disorder. Some courts de? ned their clinical criteria broadly—any Axis I disorder as well as dementia, organic brain damage or developmental disabilities, and chronic alcoholism with psychosis, while others used narrow criteria inclusive only of schizophrenia, schizophrenia disorder, or bipolar disorder with an additional requirement of being ‘‘disengaged from community services’’. Documentation of mental disorder also varied among courts. Some courts required a psychiatric evaluation or mental health assessment, whereas others accepted a diagnosis obtained from case record review. Even when potential clients met the formal diagnostic criteria, other clinical factors were considered. Clinical screening staff reported considering other types of co-occurring behavioral health problems, such as personality disorder. Stage 3, is the ? nal step in the selection process and pertains to the decisions of the mental health court judge and the client centralizing ‘‘? ltering’’ agents—district attorney and mental health court team coordinator/director/supervisor; and multiple referral sources, mental health teams, courts, police officers, defense attorneys, probation officers, jail staff, family and other agents for persons with mental illness. The order of the screening stages was consistent across the six sample mental health courts, although the content of the screening varied depending on the type of ? ltering agent; prosecutor ? ltering agents focused narrowly on criminal screening in Stage 1 initial eligibility screening, while menta l health court ? ltering agents may focus on clinical screening. There were also some generalized tendencies, with mental health courts with more support from the legal community to rely more on referrals from defense attorneys, whereas courts with less support relied more on the pro-activity of the mental health court team to identify cases from a wider group of referral sources while the sampled mental health courts ? ltered cases through three eligibility stages, there was considerable variation within these three stages, making each court somewhat unique in the pro? le of clients selected for participation. How the Courts help:  The court deals with the crime in a way that addresses the persons mental health needs. The mental disability is the focus rather than criminal behavior. The key objective of a mental health court is to either prevent the jailing of offenders with mental illness by diverting them to appropriate community services or to significantly reduce time spent incarcerated. Judges take a more hands-on approach to addressing problems and changing behaviors of defendants Problem-solving courts work with external parties to achieve certain goals while developing partnerships with mental health providers.